Predicting the approximate functional behaviour of physical systems

This dissertation addresses the problem of the computer prediction of the approximate behaviour of physical systems describable by ordinary differential equations.Previous approaches to behavioural prediction have either focused on an exact mathematical description or on a qualitative account. We advocate a middle ground: a representation more coarse than an exact mathematical solution yet more specific than a qualitative one. What is required is a mathematical expression, simpler than the exact solution, whose qualitative features mirror those of the actual solution and whose functional form captures the principal parameter relationships underlying the behaviour of the real system. We term such a representation an approximate functional solution.Approximate functional solutions are superior to qualitative descriptions because they reveal specific functional relationships, restore a quantitative time scale to a process and support more sophisticated comparative analysis queries. Moreover, they can be superior to exact mathematical solutions by emphasizing comprehensibility, adequacy and practical utility over precision.Two strategies for constructing approximate functional solutions are proposed. The first abstracts the original equation, predicts behaviour in the abstraction space and maps this back to the approximate functional level. Specifically, analytic abduction exploits qualitative simulation to predict the qualitative properties of the solution and uses this knowledge to guide the selection of a parameterized trial function which is then tuned with respect to the differential equation. In order to limit the complexity of a proposed approximate functional solution, and hence maintain its comprehensibility, back-of-the-envelope reasoning is used to simplify overly complex expressions in a magnitude extreme. If no function is recognised which matches the predicted behaviour, segment calculus is called upon to find a composite function built from known primitives and a set of operators. At the very least, segment calculus identifies a plausible structure for the form of the solution (e.g. that it is a composition of two unknown functions). Equation parsing capitalizes on this partial information to look for a set of termwise interactions which, when interpreted, expose a particular solution of the equation.The second, and more direct, strategy for constructing an approximate functional solution is embodied in the closed form approximation technique. This extends approximation methods to equations which lack a closed form solution. This involves solving the differential equation exactly, as an infinite series, and obtaining an approximate functional solution by constructing a closed form function whose Taylor series is close to that of the exact solutionThe above techniques dovetail together to achieve a style of reasoning closer to that of an engineer or physicist rather than a mathematician. The key difference being to sacrifice the goal of finding the correct solution of the differential equation in favour of finding an approximation which is adequate for the purpose to which the knowledge will be put. Applications to Intelligent Tutoring and Design Support Systems are suggested

Frames for Justice Consciousness

We describe how UX design students become aware of citizen-engaged design work, and indicate the extent to which a progression toward social justice-focused design work might be possible in a single project cycle. Our study site is a sophomore-level UX design studio at a large Midwestern US university—part of a five-semester sequence in which students engage in a range of projects that address competence in user research, prototyping, and evaluation. The project cycle we focus on directly challenges the apolitical framing in most foundational UX methods literature, explicitly asking students to engage with issues of power disparities. We analyzed three years of digital civics-focused project work (2018 n=6 groups; 2019 n=7; 2020 n=8) undertaken by students in groups of five over a seven-week period, representing the work of 100 students over three years of this course offering. We analyzed the resulting data that supported the development of the Frames for Justice Consciousness model, mapping a range of trajectories of student engagement with social justice-focused design philosophies, highlighting cases where students were able to successfully “pivot” or re-frame the design situation in ways that were consistent with the digital civics philosophy of engagement, addressing goals of participation and advocacy, as well as cases where students tended to repeat common solutionist framings of work within an “apolitical” or product-focused human-centered philosophy. The model facilitates instructor reflection on differing student trajectories that may inform changes to the types of critique given or instructional scaffolds provided in social justice-informed design work

Toward integrated conservation of North America's crop wild relatives

North America harbors a rich native flora of crop wild relatives—the progenitors and closely related species of domesticated plants—as well as a range of culturally significant wild utilized plants. Despite their current and potential future value, they are rarely prioritized for conservation efforts; thus many species are threatened in their natural habitats, and most are underrepresented in plant genebanks and botanical gardens. Further coordination of efforts among land management, botanical, and agricultural science organizations will improve conservation and general public awareness with regard to these species. We present examples of productive collaborations focused on wild cranberries (Vaccinium macrocarpon and Vaccinium oxycoccos) and chile peppers (Capsicum annuum var. glabriusculum). We then discuss five shared priorities for further action: (1) understand and document North America's crop wild relatives and wild utilized plants, (2) protect threatened species in their natural habitats, (3) collect and conserve ex situ the diversity of prioritized species, (4) make this diversity accessible and attractive for plant breeding, research, and education, and (5) raise public awareness of their value and the threats to their persistence

Non-destructive, high-content analysis of wheat grain traits using X-ray micro computed tomography

Background: Wheat is the most widely grown crop in temperate climates for food and animal feed. In order to meet the demands of the predicted population increase in an ever-changing climate, wheat production needs to dramatically increase. Spike and grain traits are critical determinants of final yield and grain uniformity a commercially desired trait, but their analysis is laborious and often requires destructive harvest. One of the current challenges is to develop an accurate, non-destructive method for spike and grain trait analysis capable of handling large populations. Results: In this study we describe the development of a robust method for the accurate extraction and measurement of spike and grain morphometric parameters from images acquired by X-ray micro-computed tomography (?CT). The image analysis pipeline developed automatically identiies plant material of interest in ?CT images, performs image analysis, and extracts morphometric data. As a proof of principle, this integrated methodology was used to analyse the spikes from a population of wheat plants subjected to high temperatures under two diferent water regimes. Temperature has a negative efect on spike height and grain number with the middle of the spike being the most afected region. The data also conirmed that increased grain volume was correlated with the decrease in grain number under mild stress. Conclusions: Being able to quickly measure plant phenotypes in a non-destructive manner is crucial to advance our understanding of gene function and the efects of the environment. We report on the development of an image analysis pipeline capable of accurately and reliably extracting spike and grain traits from crops without the loss of positional information. This methodology was applied to the analysis of wheat spikes can be readily applied to other economically important crop species.publishersversionPeer reviewe

Creative collaboration in citizen science and the evolution of ThinkCamps

This chapter discusses how to harness the potential of creative collaboration through ThinkCamp events – an ‘unconference’ style event with an open and creative environment designed to foster co-creation, co-design and collaborative thinking at key points in the citizen science research cycle. It draws on the authors’ experiences of running (and participating in) creative collaborative events and explores their potential to support inclusive, co-creational approaches to citizen science. Finally, it makes specific recommendations for project initiators, event organisers and policymakers

"I feel dumb, embarrassed, and frustrated”: A qualitative exploration of the lived experience of acalculia.

Introduction: Acalculia is an acquired disability following stroke or brain injury, which involves difficulty processing numerical information (e.g. phone numbers, measurements) or problems with calculations and understanding quantities. Acalculia is not routinely screened for as part of standard post-stroke assessment. As a result, there is a lack of understanding of the nature and prevalence of poststroke acalculia, and the impact it has on stroke survivors. This qualitative study aimed to explore stroke survivors’ experiences of acalculia. Stroke survivors with a strong interest in acalculia and its rehabilitation initiated the study and contributed to its design. Methods: We explored the impact of acalculia on the lives of 16 stroke/brain injury survivors with acalculia and 7 carers using semi-structured online interviews. Participants ranged in age, gender, time post onset, lesion localisation, country of residence and numeracy level prior to brain injury. Data were analysed using thematic analysis. Results: Three main themes were identified: Awareness and Diagnosis, Emotional and Physical Impact, and Coping Strategies and Independence. Participants and carers repeatedly referred to the lack of awareness and treatment for acalculia and the devastating impact acalculia has had on their lives and independence. Practical impacts included managing money, making appointments, using timetables, organising social activities and employment, and managing medication. Conclusions: Our results highlight the urgent need to develop suitable assessments and interventions for acalculia and the scope for this to be PCPI-led. The data also reveal useful strategies and suggestions regarding effective timing and approaches for intervention

A qualitative exploration of the lived experience of, and quality of professional support for, number processing deficits after brain injury or stroke

Introduction: Acalculia is an acquired disability following brain-injury (hence forth, including stroke) (Ardila & Rosselli, 2002), which involves difficulty processing numerical information (e.g. ‘phone numbers) or problems with calculations and understanding quantities (money, time). While difficulties may result from damage to quantity-processing units in the parietal region, or executive frontal regions, common difficulties are closely related to aphasic symptoms - for example, difficulties articulating numbers, understanding spoken number words, or reading digits or number words. Acalculia is not routinely screened for as part of standard brain-injury assessment, but studies suggest a prevalence of between 35%-60%. Aims: To understand the impact of acalculia on adults with acquired brain-injury, and to explore professional support available for patients with acalculia. Methods: We explored the impact of acalculia on the lives of 16 brain-injury survivors (7 males) with acalculia and 7 carers (4 males), using semi-structured online interviews (mean length of interview = 56min). Interviews investigated participants’ experiences of living with acalculia and the type and quality of professional support they received post brain-injury. Fifteen participants with acalculia also reported aphasic symptoms. Participants ranged in age (mean = 58 years, SD=12.95), time post onset (mean =7.39 years; SD=6.52), lesion localisation, country of residence, severity of aphasic symptoms, and numeracy level prior to brain injury. Data were analysed using thematic analysis. Results: Three main themes were identified: Awareness and Diagnosis, Emotional and Physical Impact, and Coping Strategies and Independence. Participants emphasised that concerns about language and mobility took precedence in the period immediately post brain-injury, and they only became aware of their specific difficulties with numbers later in their recovery. Both participants and carers repeatedly referred to the lack of awareness of, and treatment for, acalculia by all professionals they came across. This contrasted markedly to identification and support given for equally prevalent conditions such as aphasia. Many mentioned the devastating impact acalculia has had on their lives and independence. Practical impacts included managing money or medication, making appointments, using timetables, organising social activities and employment. Conclusions: Our results highlight the urgent need to increase awareness of acalculia amongst patients and professionals involved in post brain-injury care. There is a substantial and presently unmet clinical need to support professionals and patients by developing suitable assessments and interventions for acalculia. Contribution to new knowledge: While a lot is known about numerical cognition, this study highlights the gap between advances in theory and the lack of translational research that positively impact patient care. Implications for practice and/or policy service-user engagement and/or involvement in the study: This study was initiated by stroke survivors with a strong interest in acalculia and its rehabilitation, and the findings are testimony to the contribution of PCPI-led research. Going forward, findings will be used to identify and develop screening tests and interventions, and to increase awareness of acalculia among brain-injury survivors, their carers and professionals

Colorectal polyp outcomes after participation in the seAFOod polyp prevention trial: Evidence of rebound elevated colorectal polyp risk after short-term aspirin use

BACKGROUND: The seAFOod polyp prevention trial was a randomised, placebo-controlled, 2 × 2 factorial trial of aspirin 300 mg and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) 2000 mg daily in individuals who had a screening colonoscopy in the English Bowel Cancer Screening Programme (BCSP). Aspirin treatment was associated with a 20% reduction in colorectal polyp number at BCSP surveillance colonoscopy 12 months later. It is unclear what happens to colorectal polyp risk after short-term aspirin use. AIM: To investigate colorectal polyp risk according to the original trial treatment allocation, up to 6 years after trial participation. METHODS: All seAFOod trial participants were scheduled for further BCSP surveillance and provided informed consent for the collection of colonoscopy outcomes. We linked BCSP colonoscopy data to trial outcomes data. RESULTS: In total, 507 individuals underwent one or more colonoscopies after trial participation. Individuals grouped by treatment allocation were well matched for clinical characteristics, follow-up duration and number of surveillance colonoscopies. The polyp detection rate (PDR; the number of individuals who had ≥1 colorectal polyp detected) after randomization to placebo aspirin was 71.1%. The PDR was 80.1% for individuals who had received aspirin (odds ratio [OR] 1.13 [95% confidence interval 1.02, 1.24]; p = 0.02). There was no difference in colorectal polyp outcomes between individuals who had been allocated to EPA compared with its placebo (OR for PDR 1.00 [0.91, 1.10]; p = 0.92). CONCLUSION: Individuals who received aspirin in the seAFOod trial demonstrated increased colorectal polyp risk during post-trial surveillance. Rebound elevated neoplastic risk after short-term aspirin use has important implications for aspirin cessation driven by age-related bleeding risk. ISRCTN05926847

Uncovering a Novel Stone in 27 Patients: Calcium Tartrate Tetrahydrate

Objective To further analyze calcium tartrate tetrahydrate stones after a recent case report described this novel stone. Prior to this, there was only one previously reported occurrence of this stone in a human. This unusual stone composition is not tested for routinely. True prevalence and possible causes of this stone are unknown. Materials/Methods During the previous case report, micro-CT and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy were used to identify a calcium tartrate tetrahydrate stone. This information was applied to urinary stones with previously unidentified compositions in the Mayo Metals laboratory database between 2010 and March 2018. Two additional stones were identified at our institution. Three patients had medical records available for analysis. Results Between 2010 and March 2018, 35 calcium tartrate stones in 25 patients were identified in the Mayo database as well as 2 at our institution (37 stones in 27 patients). Thirty stones were pure calcium tartrate with the remainder having elements of more common stones. The average age was 46.3 (±14.7) with a slightly higher incidence in females (17 vs 10). Of the 3 medical records investigated, all 3 were males (average age 48.7), and each reported consumption of an energy supplement (Spark) routinely. Conclusion The true prevalence of this relatively unknown stone remains unclear and additional investigation is warranted. We believe all stone laboratories should have access to the IR spectra for calcium tartrate tetrahydrate. Attention should be paid to possible causes of this stone, particularly with relation to oral supplements, to aid with future prevention and treatment